Sample MLA Outline for a Research Paper
I. Introduction
A. Hook: Start with a compelling fact, question, or anecdote related to the topic.
B. Background Information: Provide context to familiarize the reader with the subject.
C. Thesis Statement: Clearly state the main argument or purpose of the research paper.
II. First Main Point: Historical Context
A. Origins of the Topic
1. Key events or developments that led to the emergence of the issue.
2. Influential figures or movements associated with the topic.
B. Evolution Over Time
1. Significant milestones or changes in perception.
2. Comparative analysis of early vs. modern perspectives.
III. Second Main Point: Current Issues and Debates
A. Major Controversies
1. Overview of opposing viewpoints.
2. Evidence supporting each perspective.
B. Societal Impact
1. How the issue affects individuals, communities, or industries.
2. Statistical data or case studies to illustrate the impact.
IV. Third Main Point: Potential Solutions or Future Directions
A. Proposed Strategies
1. Practical solutions backed by research or expert opinions.
2. Feasibility and potential challenges of implementation.
B. Long-Term Implications
1. How addressing the issue could shape the future.
2. Predictions based on current trends or emerging technologies.
V. Counterarguments and Rebuttals
A. Common Objections to the Thesis
1. Identify and summarize opposing views.
2. Provide evidence to refute these objections.
B. Strengthening the Argument
1. Additional data or perspectives to reinforce the thesis.
2. Acknowledgment of limitations and areas for further research.
VI. Conclusion
A. Restate Thesis: Summarize the main argument in light of the evidence presented.
B. Recap Main Points: Briefly revisit the key sections of the paper.
C. Closing Thought: End with a call to action, a provocative question, or a forward-looking statement.
VII. Works Cited
A. List all sources cited in the paper in MLA format.
B. Ensure alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
C. Include detailed bibliographic information for each source.
Example Outline Structure in MLA Format
I. Introduction
A. Hook: “Every year, millions of tons of plastic waste end up in the oceans, threatening marine life and ecosystems.”
B. Background: Brief overview of the global plastic pollution crisis.
C. Thesis: “Implementing stricter regulations on single-use plastics and promoting sustainable alternatives can significantly reduce environmental harm and foster a circular economy.”
II. Historical Context
A. Origins of Plastic Pollution
1. Invention of plastic in the early 20th century.
2. Post-WWII boom in plastic production.
B. Evolution Over Time
1. Rise of disposable plastic products in the 1950s.
2. Growing awareness of environmental impacts in the 1970s.
III. Current Issues and Debates
A. Major Controversies
1. Debate over the effectiveness of plastic bans vs. recycling initiatives.
2. Industry resistance to regulatory measures.
B. Societal Impact
1. Health risks associated with microplastics in food and water.
2. Economic costs of plastic waste management.
IV. Potential Solutions
A. Proposed Strategies
1. Government policies to phase out single-use plastics.
2. Investment in biodegradable and compostable materials.
B. Long-Term Implications
1. Reduction in ocean pollution and wildlife harm.
2. Shift toward a more sustainable consumer culture.
V. Counterarguments and Rebuttals
A. Common Objections:
1. Claims that plastic alternatives are too expensive.
2. Arguments that regulations will harm businesses.
B. Strengthening the Argument:
1. Studies showing long-term cost savings of sustainable practices.
2. Examples of successful plastic reduction policies in other countries.
VI. Conclusion
A. Restate Thesis: Stricter regulations and sustainable alternatives are essential to combat plastic pollution.
B. Recap Main Points: Historical context, current debates, and potential solutions.
C. Closing Thought: “The choices we make today will determine the health of our planet for generations to come.”
VII. Works Cited
(List sources in MLA format, e.g.,
Smith, John. The Plastic Crisis. EcoPress, 2020.
“Global Plastic Waste Statistics.” Environmental Agency, 2021, www.envagency.org/plastic-stats.)
This outline provides a clear, structured framework for a research paper in MLA format, ensuring logical flow and comprehensive coverage of the topic.
